Breast cancer is a malignant tumor of the glandular tissue of the breast. It is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with an incidence rate of 99.4 per 100,000 women aged 13 to 90 years. In Kazakhstan, about 5,000 new cases of breast cancer are detected annually. In the structure of morbidity in the Republic of Kazakhstan, breast cancer has consistently ranked first for the last 15 years. In the structure of mortality from malignant neoplasms, breast cancer takes the 3rd place and annually claims the lives of about 1200 women.
Causes of the disease and risk factors for breast cancer:
Breast cancer occurs when breast cells, due to mutations, begin to divide uncontrollably and spread to surrounding tissues.
Factors influencing the development of breast cancer:
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer:
If signs appear that are not associated with inflammatory processes (mastitis) of the breast or breastfeeding, you should consult a mammologist. The doctor will discuss with you the disturbing symptoms, clarify a number of issues (family history, gynecological history), and examine the mammary glands and peripheral lymph nodes. If necessary, he will send for additional examination.
Breast cancer diagnostics:
Most tumors that arise in the mammary gland are benign and are considered not dangerous: they grow slowly, their cells do not differ significantly from healthy ones, and they do not spread to other organs or parts of the body.
Examination and palpation of the mammary glands are important techniques for understanding the size, structure, location and a number of other signs of tumor formations in the mammary gland.
In order to determine what kind of tumor it is, the doctor may prescribe additional examinations.
Ultrasound of the mammary glands. Research using an ultrasound probe, which allows you to assess the structure of breast tissue and identify pathological formations. Ultrasound is also used during a biopsy to obtain more accurate results when collecting cells or tissues. An ultrasound of the mammary glands is recommended for women under 40 years old 1 time per year.
Mammography. X-ray examination of the mammary glands. It is especially important in terms of screening - examination of healthy women without breast cancer symptoms, but it is also the main diagnostic method. A targeted biopsy is also performed using mammography.
MRI of the mammary glands. Appointed to clarify the nature of the previously discovered formation. It has the advantage of evaluating the mammary glands in women with a high risk of hereditary cancer (for example, with identified mutations in the BRCA genes 1 and 2).
Core biopsy. Taking a sample of the detected formation using a special needle, which is inserted into the tumor under ultrasound and / or mammography control. Based on the material obtained, a histological study is performed to confirm the diagnosis, as well as a special immunohistochemical study, which allows one to determine a number of important parameters - for example, the sensitivity of the tumor to hormone therapy and targeted therapy.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy. Performed if lymph node involvement is suspected. After receiving the material, it is subjected to cytological examination, which allows to identify malignant cells.
Histological examination. Analysis of tissue obtained during a biopsy. It is mandatory for the diagnosis. It is also carried out after surgical treatment, which makes it possible to more accurately establish the stage of the process. If chemotherapy was carried out before the operation, histological examination allows to determine the tumor response to the treatment, which is an important prognostic sign.
Molecular genetic research. It makes it possible to more accurately determine the presence of overexpression of the Her2 \ neu gene in those cases when the IHC data cannot accurately determine the status of this most important marker.
Screening for early detection of breast cancer.
To detect breast cancer, there is effective screening - an examination that is done in the absence of symptoms in healthy women. Screening allows you to detect the disease at an early stage, when there are no symptoms and the woman is not worried about anything. According to statistics, the risk of death from breast cancer is reduced by about 20%. Breast cancer detected on time in most cases is successfully treated.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan, within the framework of screening women aged 40-70 years, once every 2 years, mammography of both mammary glands is performed in two projections. It should be noted that all images are double reading: by the radiologist of the mammography office of the city, district polyclinic (mobile medical complex) - the first reading, and by the radiologist of the mammography office of the OC - the second reading. If necessary, women undergo in-depth diagnostics: targeted mammography, ultrasound examination of the mammary glands, trepanobiopsy, including under ultrasound control or stereotaxic control for histological examination.
Recommendations for the prevention of breast cancer:
Recommendations for reducing the risk of cancer in general and breast cancer in particular:
The NSC uses a multidisciplinary approach, involving highly qualified surgeons, chemotherapists, radiologists and other specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of tumor diseases. In addition, the center uses organ-preserving methods of surgical treatment, as well as operations to restore the mammary gland.
If you have any suspicions or questions, please call the Call Center 8 (7172) 702-911.
Hepatitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys liver cells and interferes with liver function. The condition can be self-limiting or lead to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis, or liver cancer.
Viral hepatitis is the most common liver disease. Every year in the world only 1-2 million people die from acute viral hepatitis.
Causes of the disease and risk factors:
The most common pathogens of hepatitis in the world are hepatitis viruses, but other infections, toxic substances (such as alcohol and certain drugs) and autoimmune diseases can also cause it.
There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, called types A, B, C, D, and E. These 5 types pose a huge challenge because of the burden of disease and death they cause and their potential to cause disease outbreaks and epidemic spread. ...
The main cause of hepatitis A and E is usually the consumption of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C, and D usually result from parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission of these viruses include transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and, for hepatitis B, transmission from mother to child during childbirth, from family member to child, and through sexual intercourse. Hepatitis B and C, in particular, lead to the development of chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, in total, are the most common causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
There are two main forms of the clinical course of hepatitis: acute and chronic.
In the acute form of the development of hepatitis, there is a noticeable deterioration in the general condition of the patient, the development of signs of general intoxication of the body and impaired liver function (increased body temperature, in some cases the development of jaundice, etc.), as well as an increase in the level of transaminases and total blood bilirubin.
With this form of the disease, favorable forecasts are quite possible. Except for her becoming chronic. In its acute form, the disease is easily diagnosed and easier to treat. Untreated acute hepatitis easily develops into a chronic form. Sometimes with severe poisoning (for example, alcohol), the chronic form occurs on its own.
In chronic hepatitis, liver cells are gradually replaced by connective tissue, so that in most cases untreated chronic hepatitis leads to the development of liver cirrhosis. Patients with chronic hepatitis are at high risk of developing primary liver cancer.
Hepatitis symptoms:
Common, but not required, symptoms of acute hepatitis include:
If you experience most of these symptoms, see your doctor immediately.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (vaginal, anal, or oral) with anyone who is infected with the virus. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, even if you've only had sex with one person.
There are more than 150 types of HPV virus in the world, several types cause genital warts, about 12 types known as high risk types that cause cancer.
Most people with HPV are unaware that they are infected and never develop symptoms. But in some, the infection persists and can lead to precancerous changes.
Diseases that occur with HPV infection:
Almost 70% of the population are carriers of the pathogen without clinical manifestations of the disease. Re-infection is also possible during life. Because not all those who have had papillomavirus infections develop resistance to the virus.
HPV symptoms:
The presence of papillomavirus infection may not have clinical manifestations for a long time. The incubation period of the disease can last for several years, during which the patient can become infected with various types of the virus. Only after exposure to provoking factors (immunodeficiency, hypothermia, stressful situations), signs of HPV infection can be observed. In most cases, self-healing from this infection occurs within 1-2 years, but in some patients the pathology becomes chronic.
Genital warts (genital warts). Outwardly, these are papillary growths that resemble cauliflower or a comb in shape. They are flesh-colored or pink, and can be single or multiple. They can form everywhere, but are most often found on the skin and genital mucosa. Formations are characterized by low oncogenic potential. They rarely turn into malignant neoplasms, usually do not cause discomfort to the patient.
Can HPV Cure and Get Rid of HPV-Related Health Problems?
As of today, there is no cure for the virus itself. However, there are treatments for health problems that can be caused by HPV.
Prevention of HPV:
In order to prevent the development of the disease, various methods are used. The most effective are:
Vaccination is most effective before the onset of sexual activity. Or persons who are sexually active in the absence of contraindications.
When should you see a doctor?
Be sure to consult a doctor if you notice formations (warts, outgrowths) on your skin that look like genital warts. The doctor will prescribe the necessary examinations for you to help determine the exact cause of the disease and exclude other sexually transmitted diseases.
You can make an appointment with a doctor by calling the call center number: 87172702-911.
Ultraviolet radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation. The main source of ultraviolet radiation is the sun's rays, as well as artificial sources of UV radiation, for example, in tanning salons.
UV radiation is a source of radiation — less intense than, for example, X-rays, but more powerful than radio waves. This property gives UV rays the ability to take an electron from an atom or molecule, i.e., ionize (therefore, radiation is called ionizing). Ionizing radiation can damage cell DNA, which can cause skin cancer. One of the most important and simplest ways to reduce the risk of skin cancer is to protect it from UV radiation. Tanning beds also emit UV radiation and cause the same damage to the skin as if you were sunbathing.
Types of skin cancer that can cause ultraviolet radiation:
To protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays, doctors recommend:
Signs of neoplastic skin diseases:
There is a generally accepted algorithm for the assessment of pigmented lesions ABCDE, which can help identify "suspicious". It consists of the first letters of the evaluated features:
If you have any of the above symptoms or you notice suspicious skin lesions, see your doctor right away.
Insufficient physical activity or physical inactivity, as it is called in medicine, ranks fourth among the causes of death, second only to hypertension, smoking and high blood glucose. According to the WHO, 3.2 million people die from lack of physical activity every year. Basically we are talking about the population of industrialized countries. As scientists have calculated, over the past 100 years, people have started to move 96% less. If this continues, humanity will stop moving altogether, which means it will die out.
Movement is life, they said in ancient times and they were right. Inactive people are 20-30% more likely to die suddenly than their more active peers, who walk for at least 30 minutes every day.
Causes and risk factors.
Physical inactivity can be caused by objective reasons, for example, disability, severe and prolonged illness. But in most cases, it is associated with improper lifestyle organization or sedentary work. The main risk factors for the development of hypodynamia include: insufficient physical activity; overweight; nervous diseases; mental disorders; somatic diseases; family lifestyle; dependence on bad habits.
Symptoms of hypodynamia.
Symptoms of hypodynamia appear gradually. These include increasing fatigue, rapid fatigue, decreased performance, sleep disturbances, increased unreasonable nervousness, regular headaches of varying intensity, increased risk of fractures, weight gain, shortness of breath with little physical exertion, back pain. Due to insufficient physical activity, strength indicators decrease, muscle volume and mass are reduced, neuro-reflex connections are disrupted, which can lead to the development of vegetative-vascular dystonia, depressive conditions.
Physical inactivity leads to the development of non-communicable chronic diseases such as colon and breast cancer, type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, obesity, hypertension and osteoporosis, and other diseases.
The above pathological conditions lead to a decrease in the quality and duration of life.
WHO experts without exaggeration call lack of physical activity - a new epidemic that threatens the future of humanity, and in every possible way urge people to physical activity.
Here, as never before, the principle “little is better than nothing” is relevant. A minimum of 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise each week is recommended. It's best to combine both, and you don't have to do everything at the same time. You can divide your activity into short intervals of no more than 10 minutes.
Examples of moderate activity include walking, yoga, and mowing the lawn.
Examples of vigorous activity include running or jogging, brisk cycling, and swimming.
If you have never exercised and are sedentary, start small by constantly increasing your activity level.
Sit less. Sitting too long also increases the risk of obesity, which leads to cancer and other chronic diseases. Try to get up and move for at least one to two minutes every hour when you are at work and at home when you are awake.
Start with 5-10 minutes. walking 5 days a week gradually increasing the pace and duration. After improving physical fitness, you can bring up to 150 minutes per week.
Numerous studies show that exercise actually helps the body reduce the risk of many types of diseases. Regardless of fitness level, regular exercise that combines aerobic and strength training, as well as flexibility and balance exercises, has a positive effect on mental and physical health, reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, uterine cancer and other diseases.
It's never too late to start moving. Move more and be healthy!
Nutrition plays an important role in the development of malignant tumors. According to the WHO, 40% of cancers in men and 60% in women are associated with some type of dietary inaccuracy.
In the production of concentrated, easy-to-prepare products, a variety of preservatives and food additives are used to improve taste and color. All this inevitably leads to the accumulation of carcinogens in the body - harmful substances that help the development of cancer. Lack of coarse fiber contributes to chronic constipation, in which all these harmful substances are not excreted from the body, but continue to accumulate in the intestine and adversely affect its mucous membrane for a long time. Constipation is aggravated by lack of movement, which often affects many residents with their cult of road transport. It turns out to be a vicious circle.
To break out of it, first of all, you need to reduce the consumption of meat and animal fats. Doctors do not advocate a complete rejection of meat food, meat is a valuable nutritious product that is rather difficult to replace with something without harm to health. Aim to eat no more than 500 grams of cooked red meat per week. You should not replace meat with sausages, sausages - their nutritional value is low, and there are more than enough harmful additives and dyes in them.
By choosing healthy foods, you can reduce your chances of developing cancer and certain chronic diseases. Let carrots, beets, cabbage, apples, zucchini, eggplant, pumpkin, turnip, rutabaga in a wide variety of combinations appear on your table as often as possible. Fresh vegetables will provide you with the necessary vitamins and minerals, as well as give your intestines good work to digest fiber. B vitamins, as well as ascorbic acid, vitamins E and A inhibit the formation of substances in the body that promote tumor growth. But alcoholic beverages, and above all beer, increase the risk of developing colon tumors. Various vegetable oils are useful, it is better to refuse animals altogether. Porridge should be one of the main dishes in your diet. It is porridge eaten for breakfast, especially oatmeal, that has a beneficial effect on the intestines, promotes its correct and regular emptying, and prevents the development of tumors.
A properly selected menu not only reduces the risk of developing cancer of the colon, prostate, pancreas, ovaries, and breast tumors, but also helps to keep weight under control. The temperature of the food taken plays an important role. It has been found that constant consumption of food that is too hot increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Therefore, an effective measure for the prevention of cancer is adherence to the principles of healthy eating.
A lot has been said about the dangers of smoking. However, the concern of scientists and doctors caused by the spread of this addiction is growing, since a significant number of people still do not consider smoking to be harmful to health. Smokers, not understanding all the harm of cigarettes, ask themselves the question of exposure when they undergo an X-ray examination once a year. Although, a pack of cigarettes a day is about 500 X-rays of radiation per year! Smokers are 13 times more likely to develop angina pectoris, 12 times more often - myocardial infarction and 30 times !!! - lung cancer.
More than a million new cases of lung cancer are reported worldwide each year. Tobacco destroys both those who smoke and those who are born to smokers and those who are around smokers. Non-smokers are 20-30% more likely to develop lung cancer if they are exposed to secondhand smoke at home or at work.
In addition to smoking, bad habits include excessive alcohol consumption. In life, they are very often combined with each other. So, among the non-drinker population, 40% are smokers, among those who abuse alcohol already 98%. Being a good solvent, alcohol helps the penetration of carcinogens into the body. Alcohol abusers, especially at a young age, have a 10 times higher risk of developing oral cancer, and if they also smoke, then 15 times higher than non-drinkers.
Based on the results of research by scientists from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol leads to the development of cancer of the lip, tongue and other parts of the oral cavity, pharynx, lung cancer, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bladder, kidney, cervix and myeloid leukemia, colon and rectum and breast.
Quitting smoking and drinking alcohol at any age lowers the risk of developing tumors and prolongs life. By far the best thing you can do for your health and the health of your loved ones is to give up tobacco and alcohol.
Ранняя диагностика рака желудка
Для выявления скрытых и ранних форм рака желудка рекомендуется периодическое обследование желудка.
Факторы риска развития рака желудка:
Если есть хотя бы один фактор риска рекомендации к обследованию более настоятельные. Однако, это не означает обязательной негативной перспективы развития опухолевого заболевания.
Диагностика предопухолевых и опухолевых состояний желудка включает:
Современная медицина располагает достаточными возможностями для лечения злокачественных патологий желудка.
Симптомы тревоги, при которых желательно задуматься о необходимости обследования:
В Национальном научном онкологическом центре возможно обследование желудочно-кишечного тракта в рамках пакета Check-up «Гастроэнтерологический».
Обследования на рак легких
В настоящее время обследование на рак легких рекомендуется только взрослым из группы высокого риска. Это потому, что у них больше шансов заболеть.
Высокий риск не означает, что вы обязательно заболеете раком легких. Но вам может потребоваться начать регулярные профилактические осмотры. Поэтому, если вы заболели раком, ваш врач обнаружит его на самой ранней стадии. При раннем обнаружении шансы на успешное излечение болезни велики.
Вам следует пройти обследование на рак легких, если вы:
Если вы попадаете в эту группу, следуйте приведенному ниже графику обследования:
Возраст от 55 до 80 лет
Наряду с регулярными обследованиями, следите за любыми изменениями вашего здоровья. В случае таких симптомов как непрекращающийся кашель или боль в груди, незамедлительно обратитесь к врачу.
В ННОЦ вы можете пройти качественную диагностику, получить «второе мнение» о типе клеток опухоли при поставленном диагнозе, а при необходимости, безотлагательно начать и получить квалифицированное лечение.
Граждане Казахстана имеют право свободного выбора лечащего врача и медицинской организации согласно подпункту 3, пункта 1, Статьи 77 Кодекса Республики Казахстан «О здоровье и системе здравоохранения».
Кроме того, пациент имеет право свободного выбора организации здравоохранения при плановой госпитализации, что закреплено приказом Министра здравоохранения и социального развития Республики Казахстан от 29 сентября 2015 года № 761 «Об утверждении Правил оказания стационарной помощи».
