KIDNEY CANCER

Kidney cancer is a malignant tumor of the kidney, which is most often carcinoma and develops either from the epithelium of the proximal tubules and collecting tubules, or from the epithelium of the calyceal system.

In Kazakhstan, about 1200 cases of malignant neoplasms are detected for the first time in their lives every year. In the structure of incidence, kidney cancer ranks 8th. Every year 250 thousand people fall ill in the world and about 100 thousand people die from renal cell cancer.

Causes of the disease and risk factors:

• • Age. It is most often diagnosed in people aged 50-70 years - Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Inherited gene mutations can increase the likelihood of developing kidney cancer.
• • Gender. Men are twice as likely to develop kidney cancer as women.
• • Exposure to chemicals. Certain chemicals - asbestos, cadmium, organic solvents - can significantly increase the risk of developing.
• • Prolonged dialysis. In patients on long-term dialysis, cysts may appear in the kidneys, which can contribute to the development of cancer of this organ.
• • Smoking. The risk of getting kidney cancer in smokers is 2 times higher than in non-smokers.
• • Overweight. Eating high-calorie foods that promote obesity increases your risk of getting sick.

The presence of risk factors does not mean that a kidney tumor will necessarily appear, but may increase your chance of developing kidney cancer.

Kidney cancer symptoms:

In the early stages, symptoms may not appear. It should be noted the symptoms of kidney cancer, which may indirectly indicate a possible disease:

• • hematuria (blood in the urine);
• • the presence of swelling in the lumbar region, which can be detected by palpation;
• • deterioration in general condition, weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite;
• • increased body temperature;
• • swelling of the legs;
• • anemia;
• • an unreasonable increase in blood pressure;
• • painful sensations in the kidney area.

In several tens of percent of cases, kidney cancer does not show symptoms in any way and is detected quite by accident - during a preventive examination or performing an ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity organs (ultrasound) for some other disease. Only an experienced specialist can detect the disease at an early stage or confirm its absence.

Diagnostics:

When making a diagnosis of kidney cancer, the following research methods are used:

• • ultrasound examination, helps to distinguish a tumor from another formation;
• • X-ray diagnostics: radiography (including renal angiography, urography, etc.);
• • CT scan;
• • laboratory tests of blood and urine.

In difficult cases, when other studies are not informative, the latest PET-CT examination method is used for diagnosis.

It should be noted that tumor biopsy is contraindicated as it can provoke the spread of the disease.

Doctor's recommendations for the prevention of kidney cancer:

The main prevention of the disease is to quit bad habits such as smoking, alcohol abuse. Also, if possible, it is necessary to avoid contact with chemicals (asbestos, cadmium, etc.). Adhere to the basic rules of a healthy diet, an active lifestyle,

If you have any symptoms or want to get tested, you can call our Call Center 8 (7172) 702-911. Here, you can get qualified advice from both oncologists and transplantologists and a full range of diagnostic services and determination of treatment tactics.

Tests for liver cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignant tumor from hepatocytes. HCC is the most common malignant tumor of the liver and makes a significant contribution to mortality from cancer in the world (fifth place).

Liver cancer screening is currently only recommended for high-risk adults. This is because they are more likely to get sick.

Having an increased risk does not mean that you will definitely get liver cancer. But you may need to start regular screenings to help detect cancer at the earliest possible stage in the event of illness. With early detection, the chances of a successful cure of the disease are high.

Along with regular examinations, watch for changes in the body. So it is worth being alert if you notice yellowness or weight loss and immediately inform your doctor about it.

Risk factors:

• Chronic infection of hepatitis B and C;
• Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC);
• Hereditary metabolic disorders, including:
• Hemochromatosis
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
• Glycogen storage disease
• Cutaneous porphyria late
• Tyrosinemia
• Autoimmune hepatitis;
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

If any of these factors are relevant to you, it is imperative that you see your doctor, who will send you for certain tests to assess the risk of liver cancer.

Examinations are carried out among patients in risk groups:

• High risk group: viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis of non-viral etiology (every 6 months);
• Very high risk group: cirrhosis of the liver of viral etiology (every 3 months).

Diagnosis of HCC consists of:

• Determination of the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) every 3-6 months. (an increase in AFP up to 200 ng / ml or an increase in the l3-fraction of AFP up to 15% and above can serve as a sufficient basis for CT / MRI with contrast even with negative ultrasound)
• Ultrasound of the abdominal organs every 3-6 months

In case of detection of focal liver formation during ultrasound and / or an increase in the AFP level above 200 ng / ml, CT / MRI of the liver with bolus contrast enhancement is prescribed according to indications.

At the NROC, you can undergo high-quality diagnostics, get a "second opinion" about the type of tumor cells in the diagnosis, and, if necessary, immediately begin and receive qualified treatment.

Pancreas cancer

Regular screening for pancreatic cancer isn't just recommended for high-risk adults. As patients at increased risk are more likely to get sick. Pancreatic cancer screening is carried out with the aim of early detection of possible neoplasms. Due to the fact that the task of preventive diagnostics is not easy, the main diagnostic methods are: CT, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and traditional ultrasound (ultrasound).

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect. Therefore, it is important to take into account the individual risk factors for the development of pancreatic cancer when deciding whether or not to include gastroscopy in the personal examination program.

Pancreatic cancer risk factors:

• • Alcohol abuse.
• • Smoking.
• • Abundance of fatty and spicy foods.
• • Diabetes.
• • Cirrhosis of the liver.
• • Cholelithiasis.
• • Hereditary predisposition (5-10% of all cases of prostate cancer), Lynch syndrome.
• • Men over 60 years old.
• • Precancerous diseases:
• Pancreatic adenoma.
• Chronic pancreatitis.
• Pancreatic cyst.

If you fall into this risk group, you should be examined regularly. Be sure to coordinate your examination plan with your gastroenterologist.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer includes the following:

• • Consultation with a gastroenterologist, surgeon and oncologist to identify risk factors, exclude or confirm the disease, clarify the diagnosis, plan additional examination and treatment.
• • Low-dose computed tomography (CT or MRI) every year.
• • Ultrasound (every year).
• • Gastroscopy. This examination is used to exclude the involvement of the stomach in the tumor process (as indicated by the doctor).
• • Puncture biopsy - carried out under ultrasound control, allows for a histological examination of a biopsy specimen and verification of the diagnosis (as indicated by a doctor).
• • Laboratory tests - determination of the tumor marker CA19-9 is used in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of this analysis is 70-90% (as indicated by a doctor).
• • Diagnostic laparoscopy - to clarify the diagnosis and assess the prevalence of the process (as indicated by the doctor).

Along with regular check-ups, watch for any changes in your health. If you experience symptoms such as a persistent cough or chest pain, see your doctor right away.

Doctors of the NSC recommend to undergo regular preventive examination of the pancreas even in the absence of complaints. If you are at risk for a hereditary factor or due to chronic diseases, it is strongly recommended not to postpone the visit to the doctor.

Tests for pancreatic cancer survivors

If you have had pancreatic cancer, then you need an individualized test plan for recurrence. Check your examination plan with your doctor.

On the basis of the NROC, you can get a full examination within the “Gastroenterological” Check-up package.

At the NROC, you can undergo high-quality diagnostics, get a "second opinion" about the type of tumor cells in the diagnosis, and, if necessary, immediately begin and receive qualified treatment.

Esophageal cancer screening

There are two main types of malignant tumors, they account for more than 95% of all neoplasms of the esophagus:

• • Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common form of esophageal cancer and is more common in the upper and middle esophagus.
• • Adenocarcinoma - usually develops in the lower part of the esophagus at the border of the stomach and is associated with the reflux of gastric juice onto the lining of the lower part of the esophagus (Barrett's esophagus).

The rest of the tumors are much less common:

• • Sarcoma of the soft tissues of the esophagus
• • Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Doctors at the National Cancer Research Center strongly recommend timely screening for esophageal cancer, regardless of the presence of symptoms.

The risk factors listed below are the basis for a mandatory regular examination by a doctor and passing the necessary examinations.

Causes and risk factors:

• Smoking tobacco;
• Abuse of strong alcoholic beverages;
• Chemical burns of the esophagus (acetic acid, alkalis);
• Chronic reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux disease).
• Precancerous diseases:
• Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the squamous epithelial cells of the esophageal mucosa are replaced by intestinal-type cells. This usually occurs as a result of prolonged reflux of gastric juice and bile into the esophagus (congenital short esophagus, hiatal hernia, insufficiency of the muscle valve between the esophagus and stomach - the lower esophageal sphincter).
• Achalasia of the esophagus is a neuromuscular disease in which the motility of the walls of the esophagus is impaired and the ability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax when swallowing. As a result, food lingers in the dilated esophagus for a long time, without passing into the stomach.
• Cicatricial stricture - cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus after a chemical burn or as a result of chronic inflammation.

Esophageal cancer symptoms:

• Swallowing disorder (dysphagia) - a feeling that food gets stuck in the throat
• Vomiting (nausea)
• Pain when swallowing
• Weight loss
• Pain or discomfort in the chest or back
• Indigestion or heartburn over a long period of time
• Cough
• Hoarseness of voice

! Not all of the above symptoms are specific, that is, they may be associated with other diseases, but if they bother you for a long time, you should consult a doctor.

For the prevention and prevention of the disease, it is necessary:

• Regular examination by a gastroenterologist;
• FGDS;
• Elimination of risk factors.

In case of suspicion, the doctor will send for the necessary diagnostic tests:

• Fluoroscopy of the esophagus with contrast enhancement;
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy;
• CT scan;
• PET / CT;
• Endo-ultrasound.

At the NROC, you can undergo high-quality diagnostics, get a "second opinion" about the type of tumor cells in the diagnosis, and, if necessary, immediately begin and receive qualified treatment.

Material in development

Lung cancer screening

Lung cancer screening is currently only recommended for high-risk adults. This is because they are more likely to get sick.

High risk does not mean that you will definitely get lung cancer. But you may need to start regular checkups. Therefore, if you get cancer, your doctor will detect it at a very early stage. With early detection, the chances of a successful cure of the disease are high.

You should get screened for lung cancer if you:

• • Current smoker (or former smoker who has quit smoking in the last 15 years);
• • Have been smoking for 30 years (for example, one pack a day for 30 years or two packs a day for 15 years).

If you fall into this group, follow the survey schedule below:

Age 55 to 80

• • The doctor's consultation;
• • Low dose computed tomography (computed tomography or computed tomography) every year.

Along with regular check-ups, watch for any changes in your health. If you experience symptoms such as a persistent cough or chest pain, see your doctor right away.

At the NROC, you can undergo high-quality diagnostics, get a "second opinion" about the type of tumor cells in the diagnosis, and, if necessary, immediately begin and receive qualified treatment.

Endometrial (uterine) cancer screening

               Screening for endometrial cancer (uterine cancer) is only recommended for women at high risk.

               The increased risk does not mean that you will definitely get endometrial cancer. However, you need to start undergoing regular examinations for the prevention and early detection of tumor diseases. With early detection of cancer, the chances of successful treatment are significantly high.

Risk factors:

• Excessive growth of endometrial cells (endometrial hyperplasia). Hyperplasia is not yet cancer, but sometimes it can become malignant. Prolonged and heavy periods, spotting between periods, and bleeding after menopause are common signs of this condition. Endometrial hyperplasia is a common condition in women after 40 years.
• Obesity. Obese women have a greater risk of developing endometrial cancer.
• Complicated reproductive and menstrual history: women who have never had children, or menstruation began before the age of 12, or continued after 55 years.
• Taking hormonal contraceptives based only on estrogen, without a history of progesterone addition.
• History of tamoxifen (for the treatment of breast cancer).
• Complicated family history: women whose mothers, sisters or daughters have had endometrial cancer are at risk, as well as women with a hereditary form of colon cancer (Lynch syndrome).
• Postmenopause.

Women who include at least one of these risk factors should be regularly screened for endometrial cancer:

• Transvaginal ultrasound every 6-12 months.

               Along with regular examinations, you need to monitor your condition. Symptoms such as irregular bleeding or discharge should be reported to your doctor immediately.

               For women who have undergone endometrial cancer, an individual plan of examination for recurrence is required, drawn up by the attending physician.

               At the NROC, you can undergo high-quality diagnostics, perform a "revision of glass preparations" to obtain a "second opinion" about the type of tumor cells, and, if necessary, immediately begin and receive qualified treatment.

Testing for ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer screening is currently only recommended for women at high or high risk.

That being said, the increased risk does not mean that you will definitely get ovarian cancer. However, you may need to start regular check-ups and examinations. Therefore, if you get cancer, your doctor will detect it at a very early stage. With early detection, the chances of a successful cure of the disease are high.

Monitor your condition along with regular examinations. If you notice some symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort or pain, an increase in abdominal volume, immediately contact your doctor who will send you for the necessary examinations.

You should be screened for ovarian cancer if you have any of the following risk factors:

• • BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (if you have been treated and are being monitored for breast cancer, endometrial cancer);
• • Estimated risk of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations (female hereditary factor);
• • Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer).

If you fall into any of these risk groups, you should go through:

• • Transvaginal ultrasound every 6-12 months

If you have had ovarian cancer, check with your doctor about your plan for relapse testing.

At the NROC, you can undergo high-quality diagnostics, get a "second opinion" about the type of tumor cells in the diagnosis, and, if necessary, immediately begin and receive qualified treatment.

Colorectal cancer is a collective term that combines malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. About 25 million people worldwide suffer from this disease, and colon cancer accounts for almost 10% of all cancer incidence. About 3000 new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed for the first time in their lives in Kazakhstan every year. In the structure of oncological diseases, colorectal cancer ranks 4th.

Most often, the cause of the development of CRC is untreated polyps or a genetic predisposition. The highest incidence rate among economically secured population groups.

Causes and factors affecting the development of colorectal cancer:

• Age. The likelihood of developing colorectal cancer increases as the body ages. More than 90% of patients with colorectal cancer are over 50 years old. The average age of patients with colorectal cancer is about 60 years.
• Presence of colorectal polyps. Polyps are growths on the inner walls of the colon or rectum. They are common among people over 50. Most polyps are benign (non-carcinogenic), but some polyps (adenomas) can develop into cancerous growth. Early detection and removal of polyps can reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
• Family history and heredity. The risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with the presence of cases in the family. The approximate proportion of colorectal cancer, which is based on hereditary causes, ranges from 5% to 30%. There are many hereditary pathologies (for example, familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome), which result in the development of colorectal cancer. People with these hereditary disorders need more frequent medical supervision.
• Personal history of colorectal cancer. A person who has had colorectal cancer in the past is susceptible to getting the disease a second time. Also, women with a history of ovarian, uterine, or breast cancer have an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
• Ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Having a condition that causes inflammation of the colon (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) increases your risk of developing colorectal cancer over the years.
• Improper nutrition. Research has shown that diets high in fat (especially animal-based) and low in calcium, folate and fiber contribute to colorectal cancer. Also, according to studies, people who do not consume enough fruits and vegetables are at a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer.
• Smoking. People who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk of developing polyps and colorectal cancer.
• Drinking alcoholic beverages. Drinking more than 45 g / day of pure ethyl alcohol (in alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of colon cancer by 45% and rectal cancer by 49%. Moreover, the effect of alcohol as a factor in the development of colorectal cancer may increase in the presence of obesity.
• Lack of vitamins and minerals. Scientific evidence shows that regular intake of vitamin D and calcium may help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. A deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B6 can lead to disruption of DNA repair processes and a weakening of the body's antioxidant defense systems. As a consequence, a diet low in folate may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Beta-carotene, together with vitamins A, C and E, has an anticarcinogenic effect, participating in antioxidant protection and contributing to the regulation of the immune response.
• Lack of physical activity and obesity. The mechanism of the effect of obesity on the development of colorectal cancer is not fully understood; it is assumed that it consists in hyperinsulinemia. In contrast, physically active people have a 20–30% lower risk of developing colorectal cancer. Even moderate levels of physical activity (walking 3-4 hours a week) significantly reduce the risk of developing this disease.

People with an increased risk of colorectal cancer should see a specialist to discuss the problem. The doctor can advise on ways to reduce the risk of developing the disease and make an optimal plan for the necessary research. Medical examination of patients helps the doctor determine the presence of polyps or cancer at an early stage, before symptoms of the disease appear. Timely detection and removal of polyps can prevent the development of colorectal cancer. Also, colorectal cancer treatment is more effective if the disease is detected at an early stage.

Typical symptoms:

• Changes in bowel habits;
• Diarrhea, constipation, or a feeling that the intestines are not emptied completely;
• Blood (bright red or very dark color) in the stool;
• Reduced bowel movements;
• General abdominal discomfort (frequent flatulence, bloating, swelling, pain);
• Weight loss for no apparent reason;
• Constant feeling of tiredness;
• Nausea and vomiting.

Very often, the above symptoms are not related to cancer. Other health problems can cause the same symptoms. Anyone with these symptoms should see a doctor in order to get a diagnosis and get treatment as soon as possible. Cancer is usually not painful in its early stages. It is very important not to wait for the onset of pain and consult a doctor in time.

Diagnostics:

• Total colonoscopy;
• Sigmoscopy;
• Screening:
• 1st stage - analysis of feces for occult blood (iFOBT), if it is positive, the patient is sent for a total screening colonoscopy;
• 2nd stage - total colonoscopy is performed to detect polyps and take biopsy material for morphological examination;
• Pathomorphological examination of identified polyps.

Screening for early detection of colorectal cancer:

To detect colorectal cancer in Kazakhstan, there is a national screening - a survey that is done in the absence of symptoms to healthy men and women. Screening allows you to detect the disease at an early stage, when there are no symptoms and nothing worries. Screening is necessary for men and women aged 50-70 years 1 time in 2 years in a polyclinic at the place of attachment.

If you become concerned about the previously listed symptoms, then immediately contact the doctor at the place of attachment for screening for colorectal cancer.

Prevention recommendations of doctors:

Proper nutrition:

• Significant reduction or exclusion from the diet of "red meat" (ham, hams, smoked sausages, etc.);
• Elimination of sugar abuse;
• Refusal from alcoholic beverages;
• Increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables and foods containing vegetable fiber (wholemeal bread, wheat or oat bran);
• Increase in consumption of foods containing calcium (milk and fermented milk products);
• Increased intake of vitamins A, C and D.
• Drinking more than 3 cups of coffee a day (has been shown to be beneficial in reducing the risk of developing cancer)
• Refusal from smoking;
• Increased physical activity;
• Regular medical examinations.

However, early diagnosis is still the key to successful healing. For most patients, a late diagnosis of cancer means a poor prognosis. If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, then timely surgical treatment increases the patients' chances of survival.

If you have any questions or want to get tested and find out about your state of health, you can contact the Call Center at 8 (7172) 702-911.

Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm that occurs in the cervical region. According to the WHO, about 500,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed worldwide every year. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, annually, cervical cancer is first detected in about 1800 women. In the structure of cancer incidence among women, both in the world and in the Republic of Kazakhstan, cervical cancer takes the 2nd place.

Causes of the disease and risk factors:

Currently, it is considered a proven link between the incidence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) and the risk of developing cervical cancer.

The risk group for dysplasia and cervical cancer includes women who have:

• Early onset of sexual activity;
• Early first pregnancy;
• Frequent change of sexual partners;
• The presence of papillomavirus or herpes infection in a woman, or her sexual partner;
• History of frequent abortions;
• Smoking;
• Untimely treatment of cervical pathology (erosion, dysplasia, leukoplakia, polyps);
• Weighed down heredity;
• Immunodeficiency states.

Disease symptoms:

Cervical cancer belongs to tumors that are asymptomatic for a long time. The appearance of clinical symptoms indicates an already developed tumor, in which women most often complain about:

• Bloody discharge from the genital tract, not associated
• menstruation, can be slight, smearing, or profuse, in rare cases, bleeding is observed. Often, spotting occurs after sexual intercourse - "contact discharge".
• Pain in the lower abdomen: may accompany bloody
• discharge, or occur with advanced forms of cancer as a result of the addition of an infection or germination of a tumor of other pelvic
• organs or structures (nerve plexuses, pelvic walls).
• Swelling of the extremities, external genital organs occurs when
• the progression of the disease in advanced and advanced cases.
• Dysfunction of the intestines and bladder. Retention of urine due to mechanical compression
• metastatic lymph nodes of the ureters with subsequent shutdown of the kidney from work.

Methods for diagnosing cervical cancer:

Diagnosis of cervical cancer is based on the identification of characteristic symptoms, the results of general and gynecological examinations. The main role in the diagnosis of cervical cancer is assigned to special research methods:

• Screening - taking a smear for cytological examination.
• Taking tissue for histological examination (biopsy).
• Colposcopy - examination of the cervix using an optical device (with a magnification of 7-28 times or more).

Doctor's recommendations for the prevention of cervical cancer:

Recommendations for reducing the risk of cancer in general and cervical cancer are prevention. Prevention of cervical cancer is divided into primary and secondary.

Primary prevention consists of eliminating risk factors:

• Prevention of early sexual activity, early marriages;
• Exclusion of frequent change of sexual partners;
• Use of personal protective equipment during sexual intercourse to prevent sexually transmitted infections (condom);
• HPV vaccination. After vaccination, women of different age groups develop stable immunity and remain the entire observation period.

Secondary prevention:

• Preventive medical examinations with a cytological examination of a smear in women over 20 years of age (smear for oncocytology) in examination rooms of a primary health care institution, once a year.
• For early detection of cervical cancer, every woman should be screened (women between 30 and 70 years old, every 4 years) at the clinic at the site of attachment.

If you become concerned about the previously listed symptoms, then immediately contact the doctor at the place of attachment for screening for colorectal cancer.

At the NSC, you can get a qualified consultation of a gynecological oncologist, go through the whole range of diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system. To make an appointment and consultation with a doctor, you can contact the women's health center or call the Call Center number 8 (7172) 702-911.